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Statistics

Constructing a frequency Distribution

Following are the steps involved in the construction of frequency distribution

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Difference between Diagrams and Graphs

What are the difference between Diagrams and Graphs?

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Ogive

At a time we are interested in knowing how many workers of a factory earn less than Rs. 700 per month or how many workers earn more than Rs. 1,000 per month, percentage of students who have failed etc.

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Frequency Curve

Frequency curve is obtained by joining the points of frequency polygon by a freehand smoothed curve.

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Define Frequency polygon. How do we draw it?

Frequency polygon is a closed figure got by joining the Middle points of the top of rectangles of histograms.

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Histogram

It consists of a number of rectangles, those are vertically adjacent. Class intervals are taken on X-axis and frequencies on Y-axis. Rectangles are formed of the height proportionate to their frequencies.

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Graphic Presentation of Data

A graph refers to the plotting of different valves of the variables on a graph paper which gives the movement or a change in the variable over a period of time.

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Diagrammatic Presentation of Data

Although tabulation is very good technique to present the data, but diagrams are an advanced technique to represent data.

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Merits and Demerits of Rank Difference Co-efficient of Correlation

What are the Merits and Demerits of Rank Difference Co-efficient of Correlation?

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Merits and Demerits of Scatter Diagram

What are the Merits and Demerits of Scatter Diagram?

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Correlation

The measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion are used to compare two or more series. But it is not the comparison that is always wanted.

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Skewness

The objects of Descriptive Statistics are mainly - condensation by frequency distribution, and description of the frequency distribution by suitable statistical measures.

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Lorenz Curve

It is the form of a curve which is derived from the cumulative percentage of the given variables. This curve was given by Dr. Max O. Lorenz a popular Economic- Statistician. He studied distribution of Wealth and Income with its help.

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Standard Deviation

The idea of Standard Deviation was first presented by Karl Pearson in 1893. This measure is widely used for studying dispersion.

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Merits and Demerits of Mean Deviation

Mean deviation is a measure that removes several shortcomings of other measures i.e. it does not ignore extreme terms or values which play a significant role in average or Mean.

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Absolute and Relative measures of Dispersion

Absolute measures of Dispersion are expressed in same units in which original data is presented but these measures cannot be used to compare the variations between the two series.

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Merits and Demerits of Quartile Deviation

So going through the merits and demerits, we conclude that Quartile Deviation cannot be relied on blindly.

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Merits and Demerits of Range

Merits and Demerits of Range...

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Definition of Variation or Dispersion or Scatteredness

Literally, dispersion means deviation, difference or spread of certain values from their central value. In relation to statistical seris, it means, deviations of various items of the series from its ventral value.

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Uses of Various Averages

The use or application of a particular average depends upon the purpose of the investigation. Some of the cases of different averages are as follows:

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Merits and Demerits of Harmonic Mean

What are the Merits and Demerits of Harmonic Mean?

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Merits and Demerits of Geometric mean (GM)

What are the Merits and Demerits of Geometric mean (GM)?

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Empirical relation between Mean, Mode and Median

What is the Empirical relation between Mean, Mode and Median?

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What do you mean by Mode?

Mode may be defined as the value that occurs most frequently in a statistical distribution. In French language 'Mode' means 'Fashion'.

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Merits and Demerits of Median

What are the Merits and Demerits of Median?

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Measures of Central Tendency or Averages

According to A.L. Bowley, "Statistics may rightly be called as the science of averages." This average is also known as central value. Through statistical analysis we condense the whole data to a single value, which represents the data in true sense.

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What do you mean by continuous series?

The series dealing with the continuous variable is called continuous series. The continuous variable is one which can assume any conceivable fractional value within a range.

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What do you mean by discrete series?

The series dealing with the discrete variable is called Discrete Series. The discrete variable refers to that characteristic which cannot be expressed in fractions or it is a frictionless variable.

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Types of Continuous Series

What are the various kinds of continuous series?

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Classification of data

The process of arranging the data in groups or classes according to their common characteristics is technically known as classification.

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Tabulation

Tabulation refers to the systematic arrangement of the information in rows and columns. Rows are the horizontal arrangement. In simple words, tabulation is a layout of figures in rectangular form with appropriate headings to explain different rows and columns.

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What is a questionnaire?

In practical life, schedule or questionnaire have same meaning. But in theoretical aspect, difference is made between a schedule or questionnaire.

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What is Direct Personal Investigation?

According to this method, the investigator obtains the data by a personal interview or observation i.e. he contacts the source of information directly and personally.

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Difference between Primary and Secondary data

What are the difference between Primary and Secondary data?

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Secondary data Definition

It refers to the statistical material which is not originated by the investigator himself but obtained from some one else's records, or when Primary data is utilised for any other purpose at some subsequent enquiry it is termed as Secondary data.

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Merit and Demit of Primary Data

It refers to the statistical material which the investigator originates for himself for the purpose of the enquiry in hand.

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Statistics

According to Lord Kalvin, "When you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it, but when you cannot measure it and you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of meager and unsatisfactory kind."

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