The chapter on Fundamental Rights in the Constitution ever since its adoption has been the subject of criticism, both in India and outside. broadly classified, the critics are of three types.

The Constitution provides for a legislature for every State in the Union (Article 168). In five of the States (viz. Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Bihar and Karnataka), the legislature is organized in two Houses, namely, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council.

The standard and efficiency of administration in any country depend ultimately on the caliber, training and integrity of the members of the public services.

"Two cheers for Democracy; one because it admits variety and second because it permits criticism."

Constitution (1st Amendment) Act, 1951: This amendment provided for several new grounds of restrictions to the right to freedom of speech and expression and the right to practice any profession or to carry on any trade or business as contained in Article 19 of the Constitution.

The Parliament is assisted by a number of Committees in the discharge of its duties. The Parliamentary Committees exercise effective control over government activity on a regular and continuing basis.

The Superintendence, direction and control and the preparation of the electoral rolls and the conduct of all elections to parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of elections to the offices of President and Vice-President held under this Constitution shall be vested with the Election Commission.

The Constitution (Article 280) provides for the appointment of a Finance Commission consisting of a Chairman and four other members within two years of the inauguration of the Republic, and thereafter at the expiry of every fifth year or earlier.

Every State shall have an Advocate General to advise  the government on legal matters (Art. 165).

The Constitution provides for a Public Service Commission for the Union and a Public Service Commission for each State. The members of the Union Public Service Commission and of any joint Commission are appointed by the President, and the members of a State Public Service Commission by the Head of the Commission.

Salaries & Remuneration of The President of India, Vice-President, Governor, Chief Justice, Comptroller and Auditor General, Chief Justice of High Court and Judges of Supreme Court and Other Judges and MPs

He is appointed by the President. He can be removed from the office in like manner and on like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

The President will appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court as the Attorney General of India.

The High Court is the Highest Court in a State and Stands at the apex of its judicial organisation.

The minimum strength of the Council is 40 and the maximum is one third of the total membership of the legislative Assembly.

The Legislative Assembly is the popular chamber and the real centre of power in a State. It is composed of members directly elected by the people in territorial constituencies in which the State is divided.

The Legislature of a State consists of a Governor and a House or two Houses, as the case may be.

The Governor can appoint the leader of majority party as Chief Minster. But he must be an elected member of the Assembly.

The Constitution provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with Chief Minister as the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions except in the cases where Governor acts in his own discretion.

The Governor of a State is appointed by the president. His term of office is five years. He is removable from office at any time by the same authority.

The Indian Constitution can be characterized as partly flexible and partly rigid. It is said that Indian Constitution strikes a good balance between extreme rigidity and too much flexibility.

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ in India. Situated in Delhi, it consists of one Chief Justice and Twenty Five other judges.

The Constitution assigns the name Parliament (Sansad) to the Union Legislature. It consists of the President and two Hoses - Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and Lok Sabha (House of the People).

The office of the Prime Minister in Britain is the result of accident of circumstances and growth. But in India, the office has been created by the Constitution itself. The Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers which he or she forms.

If the President is the constitutional Head of the state, the real executive is council of Ministers. Article 74 (i) provides that there shall be a council of Ministers with the Prime Minister and the other Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

The Vice-President of India is elected by all members of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in accordance with the system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote. His term of office is five years.

Article 52 of our Constitution declares that "There shall be a President of India". The executive power of the Union and the Supreme Command of defence forces is vested with him.

What is the difference between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles ?

The third and the most important part contains the Fundamental Rights. Fundamental Rights are granted to citizens under Articles 12 to 35 of the Constitution.

India has two sets of people as (i) Citizens (ii) Aliens. Citizens are full members of Indian state. They enjoy all civil and political  rights. Aliens do not enjoy all the civil and political rights.

We, The People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens-

The idea of Constituent Assembly for India was put forward for first time by M. N. Roy in 1934.

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